7 7 Ocular inflammatory disease: the 4 th leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults with no approved biologics • ~ 1/3 of patients with ocular inflammation develop macular edema , the leading cause of vision loss in this population • Steroids remain the mainstay treatment but can cause significant and permanent ocular adverse effects , especially with long-term use or high doses • Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF- α and IL-6 play distinct yet complementary roles in driving inflammation and vascular permeability TNF- ɑ , IL-6 and IL-1 levels are upregulated in patients with ocular inflammation Dot plots comparing immune mediator levels in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with idiopathic uveitis and noninflammatory controls patients (cataract age-related) Therapies targeting these cytokines individually may not fully address both disease drivers